wft' d"lt{ lgdf{0f k2ltsf] Oltxf;df k|frLg u|L;df Ozfk"j{ #)) jif{df g} z'? eO;s]sf] yfxf x'G5 eg] ef/tdf k|frLg a}l4s o'u cyf{t\ CUj]bsfnLg ;dob]lv g} s[i0fn, lx/0o, lgHs, ztdfg cflbsf] pNn]v ePaf6 / cfuf] km'Sg] wft'sf y'u|f pNn]v ePsf], /ysf/, :j0f{sf/, sd{sf/ zAbsf] pNn]v cfPaf6 j}lbs sfnb]lv g} wft'nfO{ kufn]/ jf kftfnfO{ 7f]sL lk6L ljleGg ?k lbg dflg; To; ;dob]lv g} 5'§f 5'§} Joj;fo eO;s]/ ;Ifd eO;Sof] eGg] ;+s]t ldNb5 / wfld{s sfo{df ;'g / tfdfnfO{ kljq dfg]sf]af6 klg ;+s]t ldNb5 . To:t} kf}/fl0fs sfndf /fdfo0f / dxfef/tdf klg wft'snf ;DaGwL pNn]v kfOG5 /fdfo0fdf cZjd]3 o1 ubf{ ;Ltfsf] cg'kl:yltdf ;'j0f{do ;Ltfsf] k|ltdf d"lt{ agfO{ o1 ;DkGg u/]sf] s'/f pNn]v kfOG5 eg] dxfef/tdf s[i0fn] eLd;]g / w[t/fi6"sf] c+sdfnsf nflu kmnfd?kL eLd;]gsf] d"lt{ agfO{ lbPsf] pNn]v kfOG5 .
k|fdfl0fs k'/ftflTjs pTvggsf] b[li6n] klg wft'snfsf] lgdf{0f k4ltaf/] s]xL hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsG5 . h'g cfh;Ddsf] pTvgg\ / cg';Gwfgaf6 ef/tsf] k+hfa If]q df]xghf]8\bf] / x/Kkfaf6 k|fKt dw'lR5i6 ljlw (Lost Wax Method) af6 ;fFrf]df 9fn]/ agfOPsf] !$ ;]=dL= sf] wft'sf lgj{:q nfdf] sfF:o d"lt{ k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . pQm df]xghf]bf8f]af6 k|fKt lgj{:q d"lt{sf] s]z snfTds 9+un] l;+ufl/Psf], Ps j]0fdf af6]/ bflxg] sfFw n6\s]sf], 3fF6Lsf s07xf/ nufPsf], g[Toefj u/]sL afFof kfv'/f;Dd r'/fx?n] e/]sf], xft sDd/df /fv]sf] 5 . bfFof xft s'd;Dd n6\s]sf] 5, snfTds b[li6n] ;fwf/0f 5g\ . o:t} x/Kkfdf kfPsf] sfF;sf ;'/fxL, srf}/f, tfdfsf t/jf/ cflbnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ wft'af6 ag]sf snfsf] k|frLgtf / zLk ljsf; eO;s]sf] yfxf x'G5 . g]kfndf cflbsfnb]lv d~h'>Ln] a;f]af; u/]sf] 7fpFdf eg] wft'snf lgdf{0f ug]{ k/Dk/f slxn]b]lv z'? eof] eGg] qmda4 Oltxf; eg] cfh;Dd cGwsf/df g} 5g\ . o; ljifodf uxg cWoog, cg';Gwfg x'g afFsL g} 5 . t/ klg o; ;Gbe{df cfh;Ddsf] cWoog, cg';Gwfg / pTvggsf] If]qaf6 g]kfnsf] klZrdlt/ slknj:t' ltnf}/fsf]6 pTvggdf k|fKt nf]xf tfdfsf j:t'x?, tfdfsf d'b|fx? k|fKt ePaf6 cfheGbf @^)) ;o jif{ cufl8b]lv wft'snf lgdf{0f ug]{ k/Dk/f sfod eO;s]sf] yfxf x'G5 . To:t} Ozfsf] låtLo ztfAbLsf] cGTolt/ t];|f] ztfAbLsf] k|f/Dedf duw / pQ/ ljxf/af6 lnR5jLx? g]kfn k;]sf lyP . h'ga]nf l5d]sL b]zsf tIflznf -k+hfa_lt/ ;fgf ;fgf d"lt{x? agfpg] rng lyof] / lnR5jLx? g]kfnL pkTosf k:g' cufl8 g} wft' d"lt{ agfpg] snf k|rngdf cfO;s]sf] cg'dfg x'G5 . o; s'/fnfO{ k'li6 ug{ ls/fFtsfnLg dflgPsf] pTs[i6 k|:t/sf ljleGg d"lt{x?sf] cfe"if0fsf] cjnf]sgaf6 k'li6 x'G5 . lsgls, 3fF6Ldf, xft, v'§f, lz/df /xg] cfe"if0fx? k|foM wft'af6 g} lgld{t ePsf] x'G5 . o:t}, k|:t/ d"lt{x?sf] cjnf]sg / lnR5jLsfnLg dfgf+s, u'0ff+s, h:tf d'b|fx? ePaf6 klg g]kfnL wft'snf lnR5jLsfn b]lv g} wft'snf lgdf{0f ug]{ k/Dk/f Pj+ k2ltsf] ljsf; eO;s]sf] cg'dfg x'G5 .

g]kfndf wft'snf lgdf{0f k4lt ljleGg tLg t/Lsf ckgfpFb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . h:tf] ls :
1) Hammer Beatin Method
2) Lost wax Method
3) Sand Casting Method

1) Hammer Beating Method:
;Dd k/]sf] kftfdf 7f]sL lk6L kmnfdsf] d'u|f -3g_n] kmnfd} ljleGg df]6f], kftnf], ;fgf] 808L -vn"_df TjfvnL c8fO{ tn af6 dfly p7fP/ cyf{t\ Embossing -p7fP/_ leq\ofP/, tn k7fP/, s6fgL u/L agfpg' xf] . of] sfd ;DkGg ug{ ;j{k|yd cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] ;fOh cfs[lt jf lbOPsf] gd"gf cg';f/sf] l8hfOg x]/L kftfdfly /]vf+sg (Drawing) ul/G5 . /, /]vf+sgsf] dfly dfly vn"df /fvL y]Krf] k/]sf] kmnfdsf] d'u|f]n] sfdcg';f/ vn"df Tjf vnL km]/L km]/L uf]nf] ljleGg cfsf/sf d'u|fn] lk6L 7f]sL cfs[lt lgsflnG5 . kftf Hofb} s8f / sRrL eO{ sfd ug{ cK7\of/f] ePdf a/fa/ cfuf]df ttfO{ d'u|f]n] lk6L 7f]sL cfsf/ lgsflnG5 . t/ dl;gf] Pj+ ;fgf] ePdf df]6fdf]6L cfs[lt lgsfln;s]sf kftfnfO{ vf]6f], ;fnw"k 5flgPsf] dl;gf] OF6fsf] w"nf] / vfg]t]n ld;fOPsf] nfxfnfO{ xn'jf agfpg] h:tf] n]bf] agfO;s]kl5 tftf] 5Fbf5Fb} cfs[ltsf] ;fOh cg';f/ !, !=% afSnf] sf7sf] kmnfsdfly pQm cfs[lt 6fFl;G5 . lr;f] eO;s]kl5 To;dfly dl;gf] l56f] h:tf] dl;gf] s6fgL / ;fgf] d'u|f]sf] ;xof]un] s6fgL (cheselling) ul/G5 . pQm cheselling s6fgLaf6 d"n cfs[lt cg';f/ dl;gf] dl;gf] a'§fx? / cfs[lt lgsflnG5 . o;/L cheselling sf] k"/f sfd ;lsPkl5 pQm cfs[lt kftfnfO{ cfuf]sf] tkf lbO{ nfxfnfO{ kufnL / cfs[lt?kL kftfnfo{ lemSg] ul/G5 . kl5 cfjZos ;kmf ug]{, df]nDaf, kf]ln; OToflb u/L l;WofOG5 . o;k|sf/sf] sfd leQfdf ;hfpg], Sofn]08/, k|m]d, ds'08f] cflb agfOG5 . h'g pbfx/0fsf nflu g]kfnsf ljleGg lxGb" Pj+ af}4 d7dlGb/, laxf/, u'Daf, b]jL b]jtfsf :ynx?df /x]sf dlGb/sf 5fgfsf] rf/}lt/sf em/x?, em\ofn, 9f]sfdflysf] tf]/0f, t'8fFn, cflb 5g\ eg] ;'grfFbLsf sfd ug]{ JolQmx?n] klg cf cfkm\gf] k;ndf oxL tl/sf ckgfOPsf] u/uxgf, ; ;fgf s?jf, snz, cGtL, Hjfnf Gxfo\sF, yfn, efF8fx? ;hfOPsf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . h'g ;fdu|Lx? xNsf, kftnf] eP/ leq vf]Snf] eO{ a'§fbf/ x'G5g\ .

2) Lost Wax Method

sfrf] d}g (Bees Wax) / ;fnw"k ld;fP/ ksfO{ 5flgPsf] d"lt{ agfpg of]Uo d}gaf6 cfkm"n] agfpg vf]h]sf] s'g} klg d"lt{ /rgf ug{ cfuf]sf] tfk b]vfP/ d}gnfO{ jN6fO{ kN6fO{ ;]sfP/ 8Nnf], r]K6f], uf]nfsf/ cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] h:tf];'s} cfs[ltdf klg aGg of]Uo g/d d}g, Flexible x'g] cj:yfdf d"lt{ /rgf ul/G5 . d}gsf] d"lt{ b'O{ lsl;dn] /rgf u/]sf] kfOG5 . Solid / Hollow vf]Snf] -d"lt{sf]_ leqL efu vf]Snf] .



d}gsf] tof/L d"lt{

Solid d"lt{ agfpFbf l;wf df6f] h:tf] g/d d'nfod d}gn] Ps}rf]6L cfkm"nfO{ cg's"n ;'ljwfn] agfOG5 . pQm d}gsf] d"lt{ cf-cfkm\gf] lgod cg';f/ /rgf ul/;s]kl5 To;dfly Modelling tools -Hofjn_ k|of]u u/L d"lt{sf] cfs[lt cg';f/sf] Finishing ub}{ cfjZos a'§f l8hfOgx? klg /flvG5 / kl5 clGtd ?k lbO{ l;WofOG5 . o:tf] d"l{t{ origional xf] . o;kl5 wft' vGofpgsf] nflu af6f] lbg d}gsf] hfn (Rud channel) /fVg] ul/G5 . ;fy} UofF; (Gas) lg:sgnfO{ ;d]t d}gsf] gfn /flvG5 . o; lsl;dsf] d}gsf] gfn wft' v;fNgsf nflu af6f]sf] ?kdf d"lt{sf] cfs[lt cg's"n cg';f/ #, $ b]lv lnP/ a9L klg /fVg] ul/G5 .

Hollow -vf]qmf]_ d"lt{ agfpFbf ;j{k|yd df6f]sf] d"lt{ agfpg] h:t} ldlxg g/d d'nfod d}g flexible eO;s]kl5 cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] d"lt{ agfOG5 / d"lt{nfO{ clGtd ?k lbg cfjZos Modelling tools n] ;kmf u/L a'§f l8hfOgx? /fvL clGtd ?k lbO{ d"lt{ tof/ ul/G5 . o:tf] origional xf] . kl5 hollow vf]qmf] d"lt{ ug{sf nflu pQm origional d"lt{nfO{ 6'qmf6'qmf u/L Replica Die -;fFrf_ agfOG5, h'g origional figure sf] pN6f Negative x'G5 . o;/L origional d"lt{sf] ;a} Replical Die ;fFrf agfO;s]kl5 6'qmf ;fFrfsf] ;fOh cg';f/ cfuf] b]vfP/ ;fFrfdf s'g} lrnf] t]n kfgL bn]/ jf (paint) u/L ;f ;fgf] ;fFrf] ePsf] pQm d}gsf] kftf ;fFrfdfly /fvL cf}+nfn] lyrL lyrL lgsflnG5 . ;fFrf 7"nf 7"nf ePdf d}gnfO{ emf]n agfO{ ;fFrfdf bnL (paint) u/L lgsflnG5 . d}gsf] emf]n ;fFrfdf bNg cufl8 t]n, kfgL lrNnf] kbfy{n] bNg' kb{5, gq ;fFrfdf d}g 6fF;]/ lgsfNg ;lsFb}g / lau|g hfg] x'G5 . o:t} qmdn] ;a} ;fFrf Replica -k|ltlnkL_ lnO;s]kl5 pQm 6'qmf 6'qmf cfs[ltx?nfo{ ;fFrfeGbf aflx/ lg:s]sf] efunfO{ rSs"n] sf6L tL ;a} 6'qmfx?nfO{ sxL+ kftnf], sxL+ afSnf] (Thickness) ePsf] 5 eg] d}gsf] u/d emf]nn] cfs[ltsf] leqkl§af6 cfs[lt glau|g] ul/ Paint ul/G5 / 6'qmfx? Ps cfk;df hf]8\bf klg d}gs} emf]nnfO{ r]K6f] (flat Rub) df tftf] u/L d}gsf emf]n pQm r]K6f] Rud n] Ps cfk;df 6fF:g] ul/G5 . o;sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;fFrfaf6 lgsfn]sf] cfs[ltnfO{ hf]l8;s]kl5 wft' vGofpgsf nflu d}gsf] Rud (channe)l /flvG5 . UofF; lg:sgsf nflu klg d}gsf] Rub (channel) gfn /flvG5 . of] Rub gfn klg cfs[lt cg';f/ a9L klg /flvG5 . o;/L Hollow vf]nf] d}gsf] d"lt{ agfpFbf d"lt{ xn'jfd} wft' klg sd nfUg] x'G5 . Rub gfn xflnPsf] d}gsf] d"lt{ tof/ eO;s]kl5 pQm d"lt{nfO{ g]kfnsf] k/Dk/f 9nfg (casting) k4lt cg';f/ d"lt{nfO{ 5flgPsf] uf]a/ / dl;gf] df6f] (Soft clay) ldnfOPsf] emf]ndf 8'afOG5 of n]kg (paint) ul/G5 / 3fd g/x]sf] 7fpFdf /fvL xfjfdf ;'sfOG5 .


d"lt{ xfjfdf ;'sfO /fv]sf]

o; lsl;dn] a9Ldf # k6s;Dd n]kg ul/G5, k"/f ;'ls;s]kl5 To; d"lt{df :yfgLo kx]+nf] df6f] -uL+rf_ / wfgaf6 rfdn lgsfNbf lg:sg] df]6f e"; (pady husk) ld;fP/ sl:;P/ 6fFl;g] u/L cf}+nfsf] ;xof]unThickness ldNg] u/L leqaflx/ 9flsG5 / 3fddf ;'sfOG5 . k"/f ;'ls;s]kl5 k'gM e"; df6f]n] 9flsG5 / 3fddf g} ;'sfOG5 . o;/L d"lt{sf] cfs[lt ;fOh cg';f/ lgs} 7"nf] (life size) ePdf dl;gf] tf/sf] hfnL agfO{, d"lt{ (clay mould) ] gkm'6f];\ eGg] x]t'n] tLg rf/ k6s;Dd e"; df6f]n] 9flsG5 . t/ d"lt{ ;fgf] !.=% kmL6;Dd ePdf b'O{ k6s 9fSg] ul/G5 . o;k|sf/ e"; df6f]n] 9flsPsf] d"lt{nfO { Clay mould elgG5 . o;/L clay mould k"/f ;'ls;s]kl5 wft' vGofpgsf nflu /flvPsf] d}gsf] Rud gfn / UofF; (Gas) lg:sg /flvPsf] d}gsf] Rud gfnsf] 7fpFdf rSs"sf] ;xof]udf 9flsPsf] dl;gf] df6f] (Soft clay) / e"; df6f]nfO{ v's]{/ lgsflnG5, ;fy} cfuf]sf] tfk clay mould sf] rf/}lt/ lbOG5 . o;/L cfuf]sf] tfkaf6 rSs"n] v's]{sf] Rud gfnf] gfnf] Kjfnaf6 leqsf] d}g lg:sG5, tftf]d}g Kjfnaf6 lg:sg] qmd /f]s]kl5 cfuf]af6 lgsfnL d}gsf] Kjfn tn kf/]/ /flvG5 . olt sfd ;DkGg eO;s]kl5 wft' 9nfg ug{ of]Uo Clay mould tof/ x'G5 .

wft' 9nfg ug{ of]Uo clay mould nfO{ 5'§} e§Lsf] furnace sf] bfp/f] aflnPsf] cfuf]df leq aflx/ /ftf] gx'Gh]n kf]lnG5 eg] otf csf]{ 5'§} e§Ldf (Furnance) df crusible -wft' ufNg] efF8f] ef]+rf_ uflnG5 . pQm crusible df ufNg] wft'sf] u'0f cg';f/ ! wfgL{ a/fa/ =% kfp h:tf (Zinc) ld;fO{ kuflnG5g\ . wft' k"/f kUnL emf]n eO;s]kl5 ;kmf ug'{ ;'xfu (borax) /flvG5 eg] s;}n] zLzf (Glass) klg /fVg] ul/G5 . h;af6 dfly t}l//x]sf] kmf]x/ x6]/ hfg] x'G5 . o;/L b'O{6} e§L (Furnace) tfkqmd rflxg] dfqfdf cyf{t\ clay mould /ftf] / crusible sf] wft' emf]n alg;s]kl5 clay mould df crusible sf] wft' gd?~h]n vGofpg] ul/G5 . o;/L e§Lx? ttfpFbf clay mould kf]Ng bfp/f k|of]u ul/cfPsf] 5 eg] crusible sf] wft' kufNg uf]n (charcole) sf]Onf, k|of]u ul/cfPsf] 5 .


;frf]af6 km'6flnPkl5

xfn oL uf]n / sf]Onfsf] ;§f s;} s;}n] l8h]n, dl§t]n k|of]u u/L gofF k|ljlwsf] Furnance -eQL_ agfOcfPsf] kfOG5 . clay mould df k"/f wft' el/;s] clay mould nfO{ lr;f] u/fP/ km'6flnG5 / grflxg] Rud gfnx? sf6L /]6L, vfS;L 3f]6\g] ;kmf u/L /+u OToflb nufO{ tof/ ul/G5 . o;/L Lost Wax Method k4ltaf6 tof/ ul/Psf] wft' snfsf b]jL b]jtf, lxGb" tyf af}4 wfld{s:ynx?b]lv lnP/ JolQmut zflns k"hf ;fdu|L Pj+ b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]u ug]{ efF8fs'F8fx? ;d]t xfn;Dd lgdf{0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .


d"lt{sf] k"0f{?k



3) Sand Casting Method :

e'6]/ 5fg]/ lklgPsf] dl;gf] l;Gb'/ ?kL afn'jfdf kl/df0f cg';f/ v'bf] cyf{t\ ;Vv/sf] n:;fbf/ emf]n kbfy{ jf lrgL sf/vfgfaf6 k|fKt x'g] emf]n kbfy{, jf -s:tL dx_;Fu ld;fO{ d'5]/ agfOPsf] tof/L Sand cast ug{ of]Uo afn'jf df6f]nfO{ d"lt{ of j:t'sf] cfsf/ agf}6 cg';f/sf] leGgfleGg} b'O{j6f k|m]ddf pQm afn'jf df6f] 6Gg sl;g] u/L lyrL lyrL el/G5, To;kl5 d"t{ of j:t'sf] cg's/0f (copy) u/L kNnf (die) ;fFrf agfOG5 . kNnf (die) ;fFrf agfpg cful8 dl;gf] sk8fdf 5flgPsf] dl;gf] l;Gb'/?kL Boric Powder -lrKnf] 9'+ufsf] w'nf] ?dfndf kf]sf] kf/L cg's/0f ug]{ d"lt{ of j:t'df emf/L 5g]{ ul/G5, h;af6 cg's/0f ug]{ j:t' cfs[lt -d"lt{_ d v'bf]ldl>t afn'jf 6fF:g glbg d2t u5{ . o;kl5 dfq leGgfleGg} k|m]ddf afn'jf 6Gg sl;g] u/L lyrL lyrL el/G5 / d"lt{ of j:t'sf] cg's/0f lnOG5 / Ps cfk;df c+s';] r's'nsf] k|of]u u/L pQm b'O{j6f k|m]dsf] aLrsf] Kjfn / UofF;sf] Kjfnaf6 tftf] wft'sf] emf]n vGofpg] u5{g\ . k|m]d kNnf ;fFrf] (die) leq k"/f wft' dl/;s]kl5 s/La kfFr bz ldg]6kl5 pQm k|m]dsf] c+s';] r's'n lemsL d'u|f]n] 6\jfSs xfgL lemlsG5 . /, 89]sf] jf kUn]sf] tftf] wft'n] 5f]Psf] afn'jf df6f] sdhf]/ x'g] ePsf]n] cnUu 5'6\ofOG5 . o;/L afn'jf df6f]sf] dfWodaf6 lg:s]sf] cyf{t\ Sand Casting Method af6 lg:s]sf] cfs[lt, d"lt{ of j:t'nfO{ cgfjZos wft' v;fn]sf] af6f]df el/Psf] a9L ePsf] wft'nfO{ sfl6G5 / /]6L, vfS;L 3f]6L ;kmf ul/G5 . o; lsl;dsf] k4ltaf6 w]/} 6fpsf], xft v'§f ePsf d"lt{x?, ?v cfs[lt h:tf d"lt{ j:t'x? agfpg s7Lg x'G5 / a9L 6'qmf 6'qmf u/L kNnf (die) ;fFrf agfO 9fn]/ kl5 Gas Welding u/L hf]8\g'kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n] of] k4ltdf ;fbf, a9L gRoflkg] cfs[lt, d"lt{ of j:t'nfO{ dfq ug]{ rng 5 . h:tf] Door handle, r's"n, vfkfsf] sAhf, cG6"fj, Flat rf/kft], rfSnf] cflb Relief cfsf/sf j:t' agfOG5 eg] uf]nfsf/df s?jf, s;f}8L, yfn, ;fbf xft v'§f a9L gePsf] b]jL b]jtf agfOPsf] kfOG5 .

o;/L Hammer Beating Method, Lost Wax Method / Sand Casting Method afx]s c? ljleGg k2ltn] klg wft'snfsf] d"lt{ of j:t' lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . h:tf] Italian Method, Dongra Method, Tempamate Method, Cool Process Method cflb 5g\ . h'g g]kfndf ug]{ rng b]lvFb}g . t/ ;+ejtM xfn sf]xL sxL b'O{ rf/ hgf ljb]zaf6 lzIff xfl;n ug]{ JolQmx?n] k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] x'g ;S5 .

h] xf];\ wft' 9nfg k4ltsf] If]qdf gofF k|ljlw geP klg g]kfnL k4ltdf cfkm\g} lsl;dsf] ljz]iftf sfod u/]sf] 5 . t;y{, wft' 9nfg k2ltdf / wft'snfsf] If]qdf ljZjsf] ;fd'Gg] VoftL sdfpFb} cfPsf] 5 eGg ;lsG5 . k|df0fsf nflu xfn jt{dfg;Dd klg xfd|f] ;fd'Gg] /x]sf k'/ftflTjs, P]ltxfl;s Pj+ ;+u|xfno :ynx?df ;hfOPsf wft'snf / ljleGg wfld{s k"hf cjlwsf ;fdfu|Lb]lv lnP/ b}lgs hLjgsf lqmofsnfkdf k|of]u ul/g] ;fdu|Lx?af6 :ki6 x'G5 .